The ongoing discussions surrounding ABA therapy have intensified in recent years, particularly concerning its implications for the autism community. While many parents and professionals praise its structured approach to behavior analysis, critical voices have emerged, highlighting potential risks and ethical dilemmas associated with its practices. The complexity of these perspectives warrants attentive examination, as both supporters and critics present compelling cases about the therapy’s effectiveness and its impact on the lives of autistic individuals. Understanding this multifaceted landscape is essential for informed decision-making about autism treatment options.
Understanding ABA Therapy: Basics and Goals
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy employs methodologies aimed at improving specific behaviors in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The practice focuses on observable behavior, employing techniques like positive reinforcement and behavioral analysis to foster new skills such as communication and social interactions. Goals of ABA therapy include enhancing a child’s quality of life by promoting functional independence and reducing harmful behaviors. By utilizing intensive behavioral intervention methods, ABA aims to cater to each child’s needs, providing structured frameworks for skill development, often resulting in positive outcomes and improved emotional well-being for autistic children and their families.
What ABA Therapy Is and How It Works
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy employs scientific principles to modify specific behaviors in autistic children and individuals with developmental disabilities. Through structured interventions, behavior analysts assess the child’s needs and create tailored programs that focus on positive reinforcement and skill acquisition. Techniques such as discrete trial training and modeling are often utilized to teach essential communication and social skills. By breaking down complex tasks into manageable steps, ABA encourages engagement and fosters desirable behaviors, ultimately aiming to enhance the quality of life for autistic individuals through targeted behavior change.
The Intended Outcomes of ABA Therapy
ABA therapy aims to facilitate substantial behavior change in autistic children by focusing on enhancing communication skills, social interactions, and daily living abilities. Goals are tailored through a structured approach involving positive reinforcement and discrete trial training, which greatly impacts language development and cognitive processing. Additionally, early intervention is crucial, as it fosters growth in young autistic children during key developmental stages. By addressing maladaptive behaviors and promoting positive behaviors, the overarching intention is to improve the individual’s quality of life and increase their independence in various settings, preparing them for interactions within the neurotypical community.
The Historical Context of ABA Therapy
Grounded in the early 20th century, applied behavior analysis (ABA) emerged as a prominent method for addressing developmental disabilities. Pioneers like Ivar Lovaas played a crucial role in shaping the early practices that focused on modifying behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder. Initially, the application of ABA methods often emphasized compliance through structured techniques, such as discrete trial training. Over decades, the approach has undergone significant revisions as practitioners began responding to evolving views on child development and individual rights, laying the groundwork for contemporary discussions surrounding its ethical implications.
Origins and Early Practices in ABA
Applied behavior analysis emerged in the mid-20th century, rooted in the principles of behaviorism. Its origins can be traced back to pivotal studies by B.F. Skinner, which emphasized the importance of reinforcement in shaping behavior. Early implementations focused primarily on discrete trial training, a method designed for autistic children that aimed to enhance communication skills and reduce harmful behaviors through structured interventions. As behavior analysts began to explore the unique needs of autistic individuals, the objective expanded to encompass a wider understanding of developmental disabilities, guiding the evolution of techniques and practices within ABA as a whole.
Influential Figures and Programs, Including Ivar Lovaas
A prominent figure in the landscape of applied behavior analysis, Ivar Lovaas developed pivotal methodologies that shaped early intervention for autistic children. His approach, particularly the use of discrete trial training, emphasized behavior analysis techniques to promote positive behavior change. Lovaas’s research claimed success in teaching communication skills and social interactions, often touted as groundbreaking within the autism treatment community. However, these practices have faced scrutiny over their rigidity and potential ethical implications. Understanding Lovaas’s influence invites a broader conversation about the evolving standards and ethical considerations in ABA therapy today.
Evolution of ABA: Changes Over Time
Over the years, applied behavior analysis (ABA) has undergone significant changes to address criticisms and enhance its effectiveness. Early methodologies focused heavily on compliance and rigid protocols, which sparked debates about ethical implications and long-term psychological impact for autistic individuals. Responding to these concerns, practitioners have increasingly adopted a more individualized approach, tailoring interventions to meet each child’s needs. This evolution emphasizes positive reinforcement strategies and fostered collaboration with families, ensuring that therapy aligns with the unique experiences and goals of autistic individuals, ultimately aiming to improve communication skills and overall quality of life.
Key Shifts in Methodology
Throughout the years, significant shifts in methodology have redefined applied behavior analysis within the context of autism treatment. Early practices frequently relied on strict compliance models, emphasizing behavioral control. In contrast, contemporary approaches prioritize individualized strategies that honor the unique needs of autistic children. Increased awareness of the importance of social skills and communication has led to a greater focus on positive reinforcement rather than punitive measures. These changes have also embraced more holistic perspectives, valuing the autonomy and well-being of autistic individuals, ultimately enhancing the quality of life and supporting healthier outcomes in diverse settings.
The Response to Criticisms and Emerging Best Practices
Developments in applied behavior analysis have prompted practitioners to address various criticisms, ensuring that the therapy becomes more inclusive and adaptable. Recent trends focus on tailoring interventions to meet individual needs, emphasizing positive reinforcement rather than punitive methods. Furthermore, behavior analysts are increasingly incorporating family involvement and self-advocacy perspectives into treatment plans, thereby fostering a collaborative environment. As insights from the autism community gain importance, emerging best practices aim to prioritize the well-being and autonomy of autistic individuals, leading to more effective outcomes and improved quality of life.
Supporters’ Perspective: Key Arguments for ABA
Supporters of ABA therapy often highlight its evidence-based effectiveness in fostering meaningful behavior change in autistic children. By employing techniques such as positive reinforcement, behavioral analysis, and structured interventions, many practitioners report notable improvements in communication and social skills. Testimonials from parents and aba therapists frequently emphasize transformative outcomes, demonstrating gains in language development and autonomy. For many families, the structured approach of ABA services provides a clear pathway to enhancing their child’s quality of life. Hence, proponents argue that, when applied thoughtfully, aba therapy serves as a vital tool in supporting the development of autistic kids.
Evidence for Effectiveness in Behavior Change
Research supports ABA therapy as a valuable approach for promoting behavior change, particularly in autistic children. Controlled studies frequently highlight improvements in communication skills and social interactions, significant for enhancing the quality of life. Utilizing principles such as positive reinforcement and targeted interventions, practitioners often witness successful outcomes in developing new skills and reducing harmful behaviors. Meta-analyses further substantiate these findings, showing that intensive behavioral interventions can lead to positive behavior change across various developmental disorders. This evidence underscores ABA’s efficacy within the framework of early childhood autism services, affirming its role in fostering adaptive behaviors.
Testimonials from Parents and Therapists
Experiences shared by parents and therapists reveal a spectrum of satisfaction and concern regarding ABA therapy. Many parents report significant improvements in their children’s communication skills and social interactions, attributing positive behavior changes to the structured approach of applied behavior analysis. Conversely, some therapists acknowledge the limitations and rigidity of certain ABA practices, expressing the need for more individualized interventions to meet each child’s unique needs. These contrasting testimonials highlight the ongoing dialogue about the efficacy and adaptability of ABA therapy within the autism service landscape.
Major Criticisms and Concerns About ABA Therapy
Numerous criticisms surrounding ABA therapy focus on its perceived rigidness and a lack of individualization for autistic children. Critics argue that certain techniques employed may prioritize behavioral compliance over fostering autonomy, inhibiting personal agency. Ethical concerns further amplify these critiques, particularly centered on consent, where young autistic individuals may not fully comprehend the interventions being applied. The potential for trauma and adverse reactions is a significant consideration, as negative reinforcement and aversive methods can lead to unintended psychological effects, potentially overshadowing the positive outcomes that proponents highlight. The ongoing debate about ABA practices underscores the need for compassionate and informed approaches.
Rigidness and Lack of Individualization
The structured nature of ABA therapy often leads to rigid protocols that may not align with the unique needs of each autistic child. Such inflexibility can result in a one-size-fits-all approach, which fails to address the individual traits and preferences of autistic individuals. Consequently, this lack of individualization raises concerns around the effectiveness of behavior change, as it may overlook critical aspects of a child’s personality and communication style. A greater focus on tailored interventions could foster genuine connections, enhancing overall learning and emotional growth within the therapeutic framework.
Ethical Issues and Consent
In the realm of ABA therapy, ethical considerations surrounding consent are paramount. Patients, often vulnerable individuals with autism spectrum disorder, must be fully informed about interventions and their potential outcomes. This transparency ensures that treatment aligns with the child’s needs and values, promoting autonomy and respect. Furthermore, the involvement of families in the decision-making process is critical, as their perspectives contribute to a more personalized approach. Unfortunately, the history of ABA has not always prioritized informed consent, raising concerns about the potential for coercion and the ethical implications of certain methodologies employed within practice.
Voices from the Autism Community
Testimonies from individuals within the autism community often spotlight a mix of experiences with ABA therapy. Many autistic people recount feelings of distress stemming from practices that prioritize compliance over individuality, leading to emotional turmoil. Advocacy groups emphasize that while some may have found value in ABA, the underlying methods can foster trauma and perpetuate harmful stereotypes. Voices urging for greater acceptance of autistic traits call for a shift toward approaches that celebrate autonomy and self-advocacy, rather than coercing behavior change through traditional ABA techniques. The conversation continues to provoke debate and demand attention to diverse perspectives.
Firsthand Accounts of Negative Experiences
Negative experiences shared by individuals who underwent ABA therapy reveal significant emotional and psychological impacts. Some autistic children report feeling immense pressure to conform, resulting in a lack of authentic self-expression and distress. Parents often narrate stories of their children’s heightened anxiety and behavioral regression due to rigid methodologies and emphasis on compliance over natural development. Such firsthand accounts shed light on the potential for trauma, highlighting the importance of individualized approaches that prioritize the child’s emotional well-being and autonomy. These testimonies are pivotal in understanding the real-world implications of ABA practices on autistic individuals.
Perspectives from Autism Advocacy Groups
Autism advocacy groups emphasize the importance of respecting the autonomy and individuality of autistic people. They often critique ABA therapy for its potential to prioritize compliance over genuine behavioral understanding, arguing that this approach may overlook the unique communication styles and needs of autistic children. Instead, these groups advocate for interventions that promote positive behavior change through acceptance and empowerment rather than punishment. By focusing on the strengths of autistic individuals, they highlight the necessity for a supportive environment that fosters self-advocacy, social skills development, and overall quality of life.
Scientific Evidence on ABA-Related Harm
Research examining the potential risks associated with ABA therapy highlights significant concerns. Studies have pointed to negative outcomes, including increased levels of anxiety and PTSD symptoms among autistic individuals subjected to certain practices. Limitations in these studies often arise from sample biases and the challenges in measuring long-term effects. Furthermore, the analysis of qualitative data reveals recurring themes of discomfort and distress among participants, questioning the overall effectiveness of ABA in promoting positive behavior change versus its propensity to reinforce harmful practices. Such findings fuel ongoing debates within the autism community regarding the ethical implications of ABA therapy.
Research Studies Examining Potential Risks
Numerous research studies have investigated the potential risks associated with ABA therapy, particularly concerning emotional and psychological well-being. Some findings suggest that intensive behavior interventions can inadvertently lead to trauma or increased stress in autistic children, often linked to approaches that prioritize compliance over autonomy. Methodologies focusing heavily on behavior change without adequate consideration for individual emotional needs may result in adverse outcomes, highlighting the importance of critically assessing the frameworks in which ABA is practiced. Lastly, ongoing discourse about these studies underscores the necessity for ethical standards in therapeutic practices for developmental disabilities.
Limitations and Biases in Current Research
Research examining the risks associated with ABA therapy often faces significant limitations and biases. Studies may lack appropriate control groups or long-term follow-ups, compromising the reliability of their findings. Additionally, funding sources can introduce bias, as external influences may seek to promote specific outcomes that favor ABA practices over alternative therapies. Resulting data can reflect the interests of stakeholders rather than the child’s needs. This raises questions about the objectivity of the research, necessitating a critical review of methodologies employed and the interpretations drawn from these studies to understand the comprehensive impact on autistic individuals.
Practices Within ABA Considered Most Harmful
The potential for harm in ABA therapy often arises from specific practices that emphasize compliance over autonomy. Notable concerns include the use of punishment and extinction techniques, which can exacerbate anxiety and trauma in autistic individuals. These methods may undermine positive behavior change, leading to the development of harmful behaviors rather than fostering communication skills. Additionally, intensive behavioral interventions may prioritize short-term outcomes at the expense of long-term emotional well-being. Understanding these practices is crucial for parents and advocates seeking to ensure the highest quality of support for autistic children and adults.
Use of Punishment and Extinction Techniques
In ABA therapy, the use of punishment and extinction techniques has sparked considerable debate. These methods, intended to decrease harmful behaviors, can inadvertently lead to adverse emotional effects and a sense of trauma among autistic children. Rather than fostering positive behavior change, reliance on punitive approaches may compromise the child’s mental health and well-being. Advocates of a more compassionate framework argue for prioritizing positive reinforcement, focusing on skill development and social interactions while ensuring that interventions align with the individual’s unique needs rather than applying rigid techniques. This shift aims to protect the dignity and autonomy of autistic individuals.
Behavioral Compliance Versus Autonomy
Behavioral compliance often prioritizes adherence to specific behaviors over individual autonomy, raising concerns in the context of ABA therapy. While positive behavior change is a primary goal, many argue that such an approach risks undermining the fundamental rights of autistic children. Enhancing compliance can sometimes lead to the suppression of natural behaviors, creating potential issues in their social interactions and emotional development. Striking a balance between fostering necessary skills and respecting personal agency is essential for effective intervention, ensuring interventions are tailored to each child’s unique needs while promoting autonomy and self-awareness throughout the therapeutic process.
Long-Term Outcomes of ABA Therapy
Long-term outcomes of ABA therapy showcase a complex landscape of variable results. Reports indicate that while some autistic children exhibit significant improvements in communication skills and social interactions, others face challenges that may lead to adverse emotional impacts. Over time, concerns have been raised regarding trauma and PTSD symptoms in individuals who underwent intensive behavioral interventions. Moreover, critiques emphasize that mere compliance might come at the cost of autonomy and self-advocacy. Understanding the lasting effects requires careful consideration of individual experiences and ongoing research into the nuanced effects of applied behavior analysis on the autistic community.
Reports of Trauma and Adverse Emotional Impact
Negative experiences reported by autistic individuals and their families often include trauma and emotional distress as a consequence of ABA therapy. Instances of practices seen as coercive, such as excessive discipline or harsh corrections, have led to feelings of anxiety and fear among young autistic children. These adverse emotional impacts can result in PTSD symptoms, disrupting their mental health long after therapy sessions conclude. Understanding these potential outcomes is vital for parents, as the pursuit of behavior change must always consider the psychological wellbeing of autistic individuals and prioritize their overall quality of life.
Claims and Critiques about Effectiveness Over Time
The effectiveness of ABA therapy has faced scrutiny as outcomes are evaluated over extended periods. Critics argue that initial positive behavior changes may not always translate to sustained improvements in social skills or quality of life for autistic individuals. Outcomes often depend on the implementation of ABA principles, leading to disagreements among practitioners about best practices. Additionally, many advocate for a more personalized approach that considers the unique needs of autistic children, which raises questions about the broader effectiveness of standardized ABA methods over time. Evaluating long-term impacts remains a crucial aspect of understanding ABA therapy.
Contrasting Views: Advocates vs. Critics
Debates surrounding ABA therapy continue to evoke passionate responses from both advocates and critics. Proponents argue that its structured approach fosters positive behavior change and enhances critical life skills, asserting that many autistic individuals benefit from tailored interventions. In stark contrast, critics highlight ethical concerns, particularly regarding the use of compliance techniques, which may overshadow the individual’s autonomy. This ongoing tension reflects deeper issues within the field of applied behavior analysis, urging continuous dialogue to address efficacy and safety while striving to respect the unique needs of autistic individuals.
Safety, Ethics, and Efficacy Debates
Discussions surrounding ABA therapy often intertwine safety, ethics, and efficacy. Concerns arise when evaluating the potential for harm, especially in vulnerable populations such as autistic children. Critics point to rigid methodologies that may overlook individualized needs, leading to negative emotional outcomes or behavioral suppression. Ethical considerations also come into play, particularly regarding informed consent and the rights of autistic individuals to self-determination. Meanwhile, supporters highlight the structured nature of ABA as a means to facilitate positive behavior change, advocating for a balanced approach that emphasizes respectful treatment and recognizes the diversity of the autistic spectrum.
Ongoing Tensions Within the Professional Community
Within the professional community, ongoing tensions manifest between proponents and opponents of ABA therapy. Advocates emphasize the effectiveness of behavior analysis in fostering communication skills and social interactions among autistic children, asserting that tailored interventions can significantly enhance quality of life. Conversely, critics raise concerns regarding the methodology, particularly the application of strategies that may unintentionally suppress individuality or promote compliance over autonomy. This division complicates the dialogue surrounding best practices and underscores the necessity for continual reflection and adaptation within the field to ensure that interventions truly align with the child’s needs and aspirations.
The Role of Parents and Families in Deciding About ABA
Parental involvement plays a crucial role in the decision-making process surrounding ABA therapy. Families must evaluate the balance between potential benefits, like improved communication skills and positive behavior change, and risks associated with rigid methodologies. Informed consent is essential, as parents not only advocate for their child’s needs but also navigate the complexities of autism treatment options. Understanding the principles of applied behavior analysis equips families to make choices aligned with their child’s unique experiences and developmental goals, ensuring therapies are a good fit for fostering autonomy and enhancing quality of life.
Assessing Benefits Versus Potential Risks
Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of ABA therapy involves a nuanced understanding of its impact on autistic individuals. Benefits often include improved communication skills, social interactions, and behavioral modification aimed at reducing harmful behaviors. However, potential risks such as emotional distress or the perpetuation of compliance-focused training raise concerns. It is crucial for parents and caregivers to weigh these factors carefully, considering each child’s unique needs and circumstances. Ongoing conversations about the ethical implications of ABA practices highlight the importance of informed decision-making in ensuring the well-being of autistic children and their families.
Informed Consent and Parental Advocacy
Understanding informed consent is crucial in the application of ABA therapy, as parents often find themselves navigating complex decisions regarding their child’s treatment. Empowering parents through comprehensive education about ABA principles and approaches fosters advocacy, ensuring they can voice their concerns and preferences effectively. This advocacy not only promotes a tailored approach that respects the individual needs of autistic children but also emphasizes parental engagement in therapy outcomes. By enhancing their knowledge of potential risks and benefits, families can contribute meaningfully to a collaborative environment that prioritizes their child’s well-being and developmental trajectory.
Alternatives to ABA Therapy
Numerous therapeutic alternatives exist for individuals on the autism spectrum, each offering unique approaches. Occupational therapy focuses on enhancing daily living skills and promoting independence, while speech therapy emphasizes communication and language development. Developmental interventions, such as natural language acquisition, prioritize social interactions and relationship-building over behavioral compliance. Additionally, holistic therapies, including art and music therapy, nurture creativity and emotional expression. Each alternative aims to respect the individual’s needs and preferences, fostering a supportive environment that embraces the diversity of autistic traits and promotes overall well-being without the rigidity sometimes associated with ABA practices.
Overview of Other Interventions and Their Principles
Various alternatives to ABA therapy focus on nurturing the individual through tailored strategies that respect autonomy and promote skill development. Approaches like Occupational Therapy emphasize enhancing communication skills, social skills, and overall quality of life for autistic children. Play-Based Therapy encourages natural learning through play interactions, fostering emotional and cognitive growth. Similarly, Relationship Development Intervention centers on building emotional connections and awareness through a developmental lens. These interventions prioritize the child’s needs and preferences, fostering a supportive environment that encourages positive behavior change without the rigidity often seen in traditional behavior analysis.
Comparative Risks and Effectiveness
Evaluating the comparative risks and effectiveness of various approaches to autism treatment is crucial for informed decision-making. While ABA therapy has demonstrated success in behavior modification, concerns surrounding the application of rigid methodologies and potential for emotional trauma persist. Alternatives, such as occupational therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, offer diverse strategies that prioritize individualization and autonomy. Research indicates that these methods can provide positive outcomes, fostering communication skills and social interactions without the side effects associated with more traditional behavioral interventions. Understanding the nuances allows for better alignment with the unique needs of each autistic child, ensuring optimal support and development.
The Role of Health Organizations and Policy Bodies
Health organizations and policy bodies play a crucial role in guiding the standards of ABA therapy and ensuring its safe application. These entities often issue guidelines rooted in evidence-based practices, emphasizing the importance of informed consent and the need for individualized approaches tailored to each child’s needs. Collaborations with advocacy groups help elevate the voices of autistic individuals and their families, ensuring that their perspectives are at the forefront of policy-making. Moreover, rigorous research reviews conducted by these organizations provide insights into the effectiveness and potential risks associated with ABA services, shaping ongoing conversations about ethical practices in the field.
Recommendations from Medical Associations
Clinical guidelines from various medical associations emphasize the need for a tailored approach to interventions for autistic individuals. The American Psychological Association and other organizations advocate for evidence-based practices that prioritize the child’s unique needs and strengths, promoting positive reinforcement over punitive measures. Emphasis is placed on the integration of communication skills and social skills development to enhance quality of life. Moreover, ongoing training and certification for behavior analysts are recommended to ensure adherence to ethical standards, aiding in the minimization of potential risks associated with ABA therapy while maximizing its benefits.
Autism Rights Advocacy Statements
Autism rights advocacy organizations emphasize the importance of recognizing and respecting the autonomy of autistic individuals. They challenge the use of ABA therapy that relies heavily on compliance and behavior modification, arguing it can detract from self-advocacy and genuine communication. Advocacy groups call for approaches that prioritize the unique needs and preferences of autistic people, promoting methods that foster positive self-identity and mental health. Critics urge that therapy should celebrate diversity rather than seek to normalize behavior, creating an inclusive environment where autistic voices lead the conversation about effective interventions and support.
Conclusion
The complexities surrounding ABA therapy underscore the necessity for open dialogue among stakeholders. While proponents highlight its structured approach and potential for positive behavior change, critics raise essential concerns regarding ethics, individualization, and long-term impact. The varying perspectives from autistic individuals, advocates, and parents reflect divergent experiences and metrics of success. Ultimately, the choice to use ABA therapy requires careful consideration of both its benefits and potential risks, ensuring that any intervention aligns with the child’s unique needs and promotes their overall well-being. Continuing research and advocacy will be pivotal in shaping these discussions moving forward.
While it’s important to acknowledge and critically assess the concerns surrounding ABA therapy, it’s equally vital to recognize that the quality and intent behind its delivery make all the difference. When practiced ethically, compassionately, and with a child-centered focus, ABA therapy can be a powerful tool for empowering individuals with autism to reach their fullest potential. The key lies in choosing providers who prioritize respect, dignity, and individualized care—transforming what could be a rigid methodology into a relationship-driven journey of growth.
Why Precious Care ABA Sets the Gold Standard
At Precious Care ABA, we’re redefining what effective, compassionate autism therapy looks like. Serving families across Colorado, Utah, New Jersey, and Maryland, we combine evidence-based ABA practices with a human-first philosophy—emphasizing empathy, flexibility, and collaboration with families. What makes us stand apart? We don’t just follow protocols—we build relationships. With culturally responsive care, highly trained therapists, and a commitment to ethical excellence, Precious Care ABA is more than a provider—we’re a trusted partner in your child’s developmental journey.
Frequently Asked Questions
How should families evaluate whether ABA therapy is right for their child?
Families should consider their child’s individual needs, review professional recommendations, and weigh the potential benefits against risks. Open discussions with therapists, seeking testimonials from other families, and exploring alternatives can empower parents to make informed decisions about ABA therapy’s suitability for their child.
Are there safe versions of ABA or improvements made in modern ABA therapy?
Modern ABA therapy has evolved to prioritize individualized approaches and additional safeguards. Techniques emphasizing positive reinforcement and collaboration with families aim to reduce potential harm. Many practitioners now integrate trauma-informed care and ethical standards, addressing criticisms while enhancing the overall effectiveness of interventions.
What signs should I look for that ABA therapy may be harmful to my child?
Signs that ABA therapy may be harmful to your child include increased anxiety, withdrawal from social interactions, emotional distress during sessions, and a lack of progress in skill development. Pay attention to behavioral changes and consult with professionals if concerns arise.
Sources:
https://www.autismspeaks.org/applied-behavior-analysis
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/occupational-therapy
https://www.a4pt.org/page/PTMakesADifference/Play-Therapy-Makes-a-Difference.htm
https://www.autismspeaks.org/relationship-development-intervention-rdi
